President, Narodowy Bank Polski and Professor of Economics. He specialises in applied economics and contemporary economic thought. He has served, among others, as Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Finance (twice) and as Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland. He has worked as Chairman of the Council for International Coordination for Iraq, as Director of Economic Policy in the Coalition Provisional Authority, and as Executive Secretary of Economic Commission for Europe. Before he was appointed President of Narodowy Bank Polski in June 2010, he was Director of the European Department at the International Monetary Fund.